The worn path

Where was the old woman traveling to and why? She's traveling the worn path to go and get her grandson some medicine. She's been doing this for 3 years since he swallowed lye and burnt his throat. 2. What were some of the obstacles encountered by the old woman? She struggles intense fatigue and poor eyesight, as well as such obstacles as thorn bushes and barbed wire.She runs into a white hunter who drops a nickel and she picks it up and he points his gun t her but since she appeared not afraid he lowered it. 3. Why did the hunter point his gun at Phoenix? Was she in danger? Because she picked up the nickel he dropped but it's still really unclear of his motive as to why he pointed his gun at her. She's in danger because she's an elderly woman a who has bad eyesight and has a gun pointed at her. 4.Phoenix says that she is an old woman without education, does she meme to have any knowledge that the other characters lack? Although she did not go to school and isn't book smart at all, I do believe she knows a lot about life and hard it can become sometimes. She seems to be like an old person you know very wise, has a lot of wisdom. 5. What happens to Phoenix when she gets home? Well then story doesn't tell you what happens when she gets home. But I assume she started her long walk back to her grandson and gave him his medicine.

Human Trafficking in the Caribbean

The law is not effective in dealing with the problem of human trafficking. Discuss (using relevant International and Domestic law). According to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by threatening or using force, or any other form of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability; or giving or receiving payments or benefits to relieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.Human Trafficking is characterized by 1. The Act (What is done) 2. The Means (How it is done) 3. The Purpose (Why it is done) People may fall victim to Human Trafficking for many purposes. One common purpose is for prostitution. Sexual labour is identified as coerced labour. Other common purposes are for child labour and the sex trade. The Vatican has described Human Trafficking as being worse than slavery and has been describ ed as the â€Å"Silent Crime of the Caribbean†.Regional organizations such as the Association of Caribbean States, CARICOM and the Organization of American States have all expressed their displeasure at the rapid increase of human trafficking cases in the Caribbean. This growing practice impacts many nations across the world and the Caribbean has recently been drawn into what is being called a â€Å"global panic. † In the Caribbean the group causing the most concern in regards to Human Trafficking is Irregular Migrants – this includes the females transported to other locations (countries or regions) as commercial sex workers.The nature of the purpose can, without scholarly or legislative support, indicate that this is a violation of basic human rights. Caribbean governments are being asked to present an annual report to the US government outlining the steps they have taken and will take to challenge unregulated migration and forced labour, which are indicators o f human trafficking. The countries are ranked according to their compliance with US’ wishes and a country that does not rank well or refuses to present a report are threatened with economic sanctions.Jamaica is among some of the countries that have been negatively ranked. However, the US government believes that Jamaica has the will and potential to improve their third tier status. Most victims of human trafficking may find themselves in situations where they fall prey to both physical and emotional abuse. Oftentimes Caribbean women are lured to the US with false promises of employment and are then sold by trafficking gangs, to the highest bidders all over the US and Europe. Caribbean states are eager to remain in good moral standing on an international platform.Hence, concerns about human trafficking in the Caribbean have increased mainly due to the idea of female prostitution and the urgency to rescue and protect a woman’s sexual purity. Makes you think, doesnâ€℠¢t it? Do they actually care about these issues or do they care by extension of their international image? Human trafficking is generally practised in the Caribbean in an effort to supply a demand for cheap, unskilled labour (irregular immigrants) and for sex workers in the tourist industry (irregular migrants).Human trafficking is common in many regions which are overpopulated and have high unemployment and poverty rates. According to the IOM* Legal Review concerning trafficking in the Caribbean statue laws have been put in place for the prosecution of traffickers, the protection of trafficking victims and the prevention of trafficking activities. Outside of the US and Europe, many other countries do not have the resources to put in place extensive legislation to fight human trafficking. However, there are some laws that can offer help to curb trafficking activities.The Caribbean’s inability to compare favourably with the level of the US and Europe’s fight against hum an trafficking is due to many economic, social, and legal factors. Some such factors are * â€Å"Law enforcement including prosecution and sentencing which may also be as a result of often using outdated criminal codes with inadequate penalties, many of which have not been reformed since the countries gained their independence. † (IOM 2005) Most Caribbean nations do have the desire to eradicate human trafficking but the state of their economies paired with their pre-independence law enforcement techniques serve as a deterrent.Of all the countries that have made an effort to combat human trafficking, Guyana has been the most successful by drafting a bill to Parliament which includes life penalties for trafficking persons, and stiff penalties for other trafficking related activities. This bill covers every eventuality concerning human trafficking. Jamaica has also introduced the Child Care and Protection Act which stipulates a penalty of ten years for trafficking children and p rovides protection to child victims. The provision that covers trafficking states that: 10. (1) No person shall sell or participate in the trafficking of any child†24 This leaves the rest of us at the will of traffickers, don’t you think. Unless the victim is a child, there is simply no law to cover such an eventuality. There is no legislation that criminalizes trafficking in women and children; however elements of the crime are upheld in the criminal code. But considering that some instances of human trafficking is likely to be for sexual purposes, sexual offences law can help to prosecute criminals involved.Most Caribbean countries include in their constitutions a guaranteed freedom from forced labour and slavery. This guarantor dictates a fundamental right but does not include how it is to be implemented. This right is only enforceable against the state and not private individuals or entities, which means there is no provision for redress against actual traffickers. There are clearly inadequate provisions for victims of human trafficking, largely due to the limited resources that are available to implement these services.The â€Å"patchwork† criminal approach can continue to be used as a substitute for a better legislative system until concrete provisions are instituted to cover the eventualities of human trafficking. And even then it is recommended that the weak and inconsistent criminal laws are reformed. INTERNATIONAL LAWS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2. United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 3.United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 4. United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6. Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) * Coordinated by China, Laos, Thaila nd, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam 7. Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Model Legislation 8. Belize – Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2003 9. Guyana – Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005 Human Trafficking in the Caribbean The law is not effective in dealing with the problem of human trafficking. Discuss (using relevant International and Domestic law). According to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by threatening or using force, or any other form of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability; or giving or receiving payments or benefits to relieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.Human Trafficking is characterized by 1. The Act (What is done) 2. The Means (How it is done) 3. The Purpose (Why it is done) People may fall victim to Human Trafficking for many purposes. One common purpose is for prostitution. Sexual labour is identified as coerced labour. Other common purposes are for child labour and the sex trade. The Vatican has described Human Trafficking as being worse than slavery and has been describ ed as the â€Å"Silent Crime of the Caribbean†.Regional organizations such as the Association of Caribbean States, CARICOM and the Organization of American States have all expressed their displeasure at the rapid increase of human trafficking cases in the Caribbean. This growing practice impacts many nations across the world and the Caribbean has recently been drawn into what is being called a â€Å"global panic. † In the Caribbean the group causing the most concern in regards to Human Trafficking is Irregular Migrants – this includes the females transported to other locations (countries or regions) as commercial sex workers.The nature of the purpose can, without scholarly or legislative support, indicate that this is a violation of basic human rights. Caribbean governments are being asked to present an annual report to the US government outlining the steps they have taken and will take to challenge unregulated migration and forced labour, which are indicators o f human trafficking. The countries are ranked according to their compliance with US’ wishes and a country that does not rank well or refuses to present a report are threatened with economic sanctions.Jamaica is among some of the countries that have been negatively ranked. However, the US government believes that Jamaica has the will and potential to improve their third tier status. Most victims of human trafficking may find themselves in situations where they fall prey to both physical and emotional abuse. Oftentimes Caribbean women are lured to the US with false promises of employment and are then sold by trafficking gangs, to the highest bidders all over the US and Europe. Caribbean states are eager to remain in good moral standing on an international platform.Hence, concerns about human trafficking in the Caribbean have increased mainly due to the idea of female prostitution and the urgency to rescue and protect a woman’s sexual purity. Makes you think, doesnâ€℠¢t it? Do they actually care about these issues or do they care by extension of their international image? Human trafficking is generally practised in the Caribbean in an effort to supply a demand for cheap, unskilled labour (irregular immigrants) and for sex workers in the tourist industry (irregular migrants).Human trafficking is common in many regions which are overpopulated and have high unemployment and poverty rates. According to the IOM* Legal Review concerning trafficking in the Caribbean statue laws have been put in place for the prosecution of traffickers, the protection of trafficking victims and the prevention of trafficking activities. Outside of the US and Europe, many other countries do not have the resources to put in place extensive legislation to fight human trafficking. However, there are some laws that can offer help to curb trafficking activities.The Caribbean’s inability to compare favourably with the level of the US and Europe’s fight against hum an trafficking is due to many economic, social, and legal factors. Some such factors are * â€Å"Law enforcement including prosecution and sentencing which may also be as a result of often using outdated criminal codes with inadequate penalties, many of which have not been reformed since the countries gained their independence. † (IOM 2005) Most Caribbean nations do have the desire to eradicate human trafficking but the state of their economies paired with their pre-independence law enforcement techniques serve as a deterrent.Of all the countries that have made an effort to combat human trafficking, Guyana has been the most successful by drafting a bill to Parliament which includes life penalties for trafficking persons, and stiff penalties for other trafficking related activities. This bill covers every eventuality concerning human trafficking. Jamaica has also introduced the Child Care and Protection Act which stipulates a penalty of ten years for trafficking children and p rovides protection to child victims. The provision that covers trafficking states that: 10. (1) No person shall sell or participate in the trafficking of any child†24 This leaves the rest of us at the will of traffickers, don’t you think. Unless the victim is a child, there is simply no law to cover such an eventuality. There is no legislation that criminalizes trafficking in women and children; however elements of the crime are upheld in the criminal code. But considering that some instances of human trafficking is likely to be for sexual purposes, sexual offences law can help to prosecute criminals involved.Most Caribbean countries include in their constitutions a guaranteed freedom from forced labour and slavery. This guarantor dictates a fundamental right but does not include how it is to be implemented. This right is only enforceable against the state and not private individuals or entities, which means there is no provision for redress against actual traffickers. There are clearly inadequate provisions for victims of human trafficking, largely due to the limited resources that are available to implement these services.The â€Å"patchwork† criminal approach can continue to be used as a substitute for a better legislative system until concrete provisions are instituted to cover the eventualities of human trafficking. And even then it is recommended that the weak and inconsistent criminal laws are reformed. INTERNATIONAL LAWS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2. United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 3.United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 4. United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6. Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) * Coordinated by China, Laos, Thaila nd, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam 7. Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Model Legislation 8. Belize – Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2003 9. Guyana – Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005

ES Cells essays

Ideas for My Paper/ ES Cells essays Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered the ultimate stem cell because of their dual ability to proliferate and to differentiate into all the cells and tissues of the body. But they are ethically contentious because five-day-old embryos have to be destroyed to derive them. Adult stem cells show promise as an ethically preferable alternative, but scientists have not been able to show that they are as versatile as ES cells. The two papers featured in this web focus highlight the promise of both avenues of research, one describing a kind of adult stem cell that may turn out to be just as versatile as ES cells, and the other showing that ES cells can generate neurons to effectively treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease in a rat model. Now, Catherine Verfaillie and her colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, have isolated an adult stem cell from cultured human, rat and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, called MAPCs - for mesenchymal adult progenitor cells. Like ES cells, these cells multiply indefinitely in culture. Injected into mouse embryos, the mouse cells differentiate into most, if not all, of the cell types in the body. In a separate paper, Ron McKay and colleagues at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, show that mouse ES cells be used in cell replacement therapy in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. From cultured ES cells, the group generated a large supply of neurons that produce dopamine. The neurons functioned normally and gave clear behavioural responses when grafted into the brains of rats that model Parkinson's disease. Together the papers show two different approaches for isolating powerful, pluripotent stem cells with clear therapeutic potential. However many fundamental questions remain about how ES cells and MAPCs function in a biological context, and how they can best be harnessed for medical benefit. It will be exciting to watch the ans ...

Managing Human Capital Essay Example

Managing Human Capital Essay Example Managing Human Capital Essay Managing Human Capital Essay I certify the content of the assignment to be my own and original work and hat all sources have been accurately reported and acknowledge, and that this document has not previously been submitted in it’s entirely or in part of any educational establishment. RAVIKUMAR P RATHOD. STUDENT ID: 0076LHLH0609 TASK 01: A. 1) abstract: From this report reader will able to understand HR managers role take in to consideration when there is change in external environment factors, and what human resource strategies will helps to became more competitive and how an organisation can take competitive advantage with various human resource practice within organisation. This part of the report will guide you around human resource strategies. A. 2 Key words: Role of human resource managers, organisational change, human resource practices, competition, benefits and drawbacks, communication channel, information technology and system, market, societal norms, external environment. (Words, -191) A. 3 INTRODUCTION: Human resource managers and leaders constant make efforts to accomplish successful and necessary change within the organisation. During this process, HR managers and leaders must follow certain approach to fulfil the necessary requirement to the organisation. Internal and external change can able to switch business environment. Moreover, organisational change and other development have become rife in communication for organisational leadership and management itself. However, the most important factor which affects the majority of the organisation is the competition. How accurately and fast organisation can compete with their product and services that another organisation supply. This will also analyse the organisations external environmental factors. Likewise, consumers uncertain demands and wants, and a new competitor enters into market. In the following paragraphs, this report will analyse, organisations human resource practises and role of human managers during the external change in organisations with relevant examples. For example 01, Virgin Corporation plans to enter in cold drinks business in USA. They want to launch their own brand virgin cola. As a result, many companies in US such as, coca cola and PEPSI may face more competition and they needs to do more efforts to remain their products more competitive and their share prices remain stable in the market. Moreover, new technology and information system plays vital role, because advance technology means, new products and services can be improve. Nevertheless, natural disaster or dynamic situation can made change in to organisation. Such as, gulf war or swine flu virus. John bra ton and Jeffery gold, 1999 human resource management: theory and practice, London, Mc Millen publication house. * â€Å"Market is uncertain, it change every time. It is always depend on the variety of products and consumer behaviour. As results, an organisation needs to react or lose customers. A. 4 Organisation and competition: The amount of varied competition relies on the market the organisation operates in. For example 02, Small businesses like, High street mall, city centre mall, Large size of businesses likes, Cock, PEPSI, wall mart, M amp; S. And a constant moving market where the technology is being invent fast like, cell phone market. These types of organisation and situations may boost competition externally like, * Decrease in product price * Better quality but increase in product price Large amount of investment in advertisement to increase brand loyalty and publicity. A. 4 Human resource practices at external change: The most vital part for human resource managers is planning for the external change is scanning means to examine the environmental situation to recognise scopes or potential dangers to an organisation. To ignore the external change can have divesting effect on a business. For example 03, Easter Island: misunderstanding their natural resources, the jungle in this issue; left the place unable to sustain life. Nobody knows what happen to the inhabitants. But we know why their presence became extinct. The same thing can happen to any organisation, which neglect (ignore) the external environment changes. A. 5 Information system and technology: Joseph martocchio, 2009, research in personnel and human resource management, Howard house, emeralds group publishing limited. Many organisation senior executive and mangers don’t know how technology can affect the organisation and can bring change in to organisation. So, organisation must upgrade their production firm, machinery and administration within the organisation. HR managers needs to consider regularly briefing about technology, as a result, the technology which they are using, is it right for them. This can helps to make their position more competitive in the market. For example 04, A mobile manufacture company must know about what types design, software and style are in demand in market. So, they can make their hand set more demanding and they can make their product different t han other producers. This can increase the selling ratio and company’s total revenue Moreover, having advanced and right technology can improve organisation standard and profits. This will also give opportunity to HR managers to make their organisation more challenging for their competitors. â€Å"Technology is queer thing, it brings you great advantages with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other. † C. P. SHOW, 15 march 1971. New your times, NY Ecological and environmental issues plays vital role within organisation. Change in government’s policy for the industries can also bring major changes within organisation. Change in legislation can affect the organisation selling and purchasing policy. Robert l Mathis, john H Jackson, 2008. Human resource management, 9 Thomas learning Inc. US For example 05, * Changes in national minimum wage for the workers or inflation. * Increase in corporation and other national insurance taxes. * In addition, external trading policy and funds, grants, and initiatives. This is the sources of income for the organisation but they can bring change internally within organisation from changing trading policy. * Organisations often fundamentally challenge invited societal norms. Because organisation can suffers from support, financial and public as well. This are the sources can make major changes into organisation. Change in lifestyle and fashion can bring change. Likewise, various types of age group buy various types of products. So, change in the population affects the demand for the product. As a results, HR manager needs to considered external factors which may bring change in business, such as fashion and trend. For example 06, Change in taste, businesses must react quickly as possible. Like, * Mc Donald, offering more healthy food. Consumers are more aware about environment and are against exploitation. A. Human resource strategies and dynamic situations: Majority of entrepreneurs have gone to invest and efforts to define human resource policies, practices and procedures that comply with government legislation and consistent with their organisational culture and ethic. â€Å"John Bretton and Jeffrey gold, 1999. â€Å" Human resource management: theory and prentices â€Å"London, mac Milan press ltd p 152-70 * Major Service markets such as, fast food outlets, supermarket like ASDA and TESCO, Sainsbury’s. Majority of organisations work design are typically involve the two types of framework, mostly is Hertzberg. And some firms adopt Taylor’s. While, others are irrationalised practices. in both frameworks cost ,and labour cost are in competition due to consumers are very price sensitive. A. 7 Cost based competitive strategy : This strategy HR managers allows to sustain paying only the market – clearing wage and minimally with labour law. Most organisations pay their workers and employees as a government law. However, to take competitive advantage organisations can pay slightly more than minimum wage for workers. For example 07, In UK, for student or contingent workers minimum wage is ? . 93 per hour. However, many organisations pay six to seven pound per hour. This is higher than minimum wage. From paying more, organisation can keep contingent means part time workers who can work with flexibility and organisation can also get benefits from hiring part time workers. This helps to reduce corporate taxes. * The only firm which sustain their presence in the pressurised market condit ions that built outstanding brand identity. They can dominant market share and enjoy reputational benefits in labour market. A. 8 mix market and greater customer service strategy: Certain types of service markets such as, older care centre, hotels and BPO, where different types of customers and higher valued added customers can be targeted. There is a clear potential for job enrichment competitive dynamics than based around a mix of cost and quality based competition. * Human resource takes into count as a higher value added segments. Organisation can higher highly skilled employees with experience and or can provide necessary training to their employees, and it is simply necessary that there are profitable higher value segment and it is cost effective to invest employee training and development programmes. For example 08, Telecommunication company, when customer call to buy contract phone from the company , sales executive not only offers what customer ask but also offers many packages as per customer budget. And evermore, they also offer cheap and affordable bundle and other services such as next day delivery or in case hand set faulty or if you’re Not happy with the hand set. As results, company can keep customer for longer period and take competitive advantage by providing excellent customer service. A. 9 Expertise – driven: In today’s world, high level professional services and other knowledge intensive services, work organisation is always dealt with high level of employee discretion. High performance work system in the service sector, like, management consulting energises, banking sector, organisation typically invest to build employee skills, enhancing motivation and providing opportunities to participate. * According to Michal losey, 2005. â€Å"Resource management â€Å", Alexandria, Virginia, john Wiley amp; sons, Inc. â€Å"Committing to hiring experts, in other word, bring them into partnership. This will leads to emergent competitive strategies in their field of expertise. They plays vital role within the organisation. † For example 09, When founder of Walt Disney past away, Roy became owner of the Walt Disney, but in his hand, Disney not performing well, then Disney’s board of directors and shareholders decided to hire new chief executive officer for Disney. And Disney comes with new CEO Robert Eger. He is expert in his profession. And he increases the Walt Disney total revenue and establish new picture studio name touchstone. According to box all and steeneveld, 1999; greenwood el al, 1990; literature. It is essential to measures competitive strategy in professional services firms in federalists rather than top down kind of way. * There are much more opportunities for human resource advantage in these expertise era. Experts can perform well and trained employees while there is external change within the organisation. A. 10 Conclusion: To sum up, it is clear that, HR managers and HR practices can transform due to uncertain market and government policies. HR must parallel the needs of his or her changing organisation and with the right HR strategy. Organisation can became more adaptive and resilient, fast to change in direction and customer centred. Moreover, HR managers can promote overall success of organisation from their practises and identify the organisations goal, mission, vision, values and action plans and they can measures how well it is succeeding in all this , how organisation gain sustainable competitive advantage. (Words: 1589 excluding abstract, keywords) A. 11 Recommendations: In my opinion, organisation must invest in employee development programmes, so they can gain knowledge about organisations product and services. Furthermore, organisation should hire a young graduates who are willing to work in challenging environment with flexibility, this allows organisation to become more competitive for their competitors in market. Moreover, businesses should have advance technology which becomes more competitive and helps to take competitive advantage. PART-02: discussion on compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are a major cause of our inability to compete in many sector of the international market. B. 1 Abstract: From this part of report, reader will able to understand how organisations employers and trade union negotiate their agreement through collective bargaining and what are the factor affecting to compete many sector of the international market for the entrepreneurs. How types of agreements will affect the organisation and their employees. B. 2 Keywords: Human resource management , competitive advantages, compensation package, collective bargaining, international market, trade union, total revenue, union representative, negotiations, small and large scale businesses, wages and hours, promoters, agreements. Words – 135 excluding) B. 3 Introduction: According to Clive Jenkins, Barrie Sharman, 1977 collective bargaining P-156-8 Mc grew hill publication Inc. â€Å"Collective bargaining is a process whereby workers representative, employees and investors, and trade union through their representatives, treat and negotiate with a view to the conclusion of a collective agreement or rene wal there of the resolution of internal or external disputes within the organisation. † In the following paragraphs this report will analyse situation in for and against of collective bargaining in organisation and give recommendations and my opinion. In addition, a collective agreement normally in written agreement between employer and organisations union. On behalf of workers employed by the owner of the organisation, it also refers to organisations terms and condition of employment of the workers. And their right, privilege, and responsibilities within the organisation. * When employer hires workers, they can demand labour, and agree on a price for that labour. Moreover, the agreement accepted, consideration and intension to create legal relationship constitutes a bargain to which compliance can be sought in law. B. 4 INTERNATIONAL MARKET: Clive Jenkins, berry Sherman, 1977, â€Å"collective bargaining† p 156 Mc grew hill publishing Inc. During the process of negotiation between trade union and employers, employers almost always offer less than what they are willing to pay. They expect that there will be a negotiation of salary and other benefits. In international markets, there is no business without two different parties. Each may relate to different countries. Due to high demand of trade union especially when it’s higher value added segments, management’s authority and freedom are became much more restricted by negotiation rules in case of business is new to country. If trade union representatives are miss placed by the union, it can be irrational for the organisation and workers. Because during the process of agreement between employer and representatives disputes or unsuccessful negotiation can be resulted into union strike. This creates dynamic situation for the business and workers itself. * Compensation package negotiated through collective bargaining may create significant potential for polarization between workers and managers of the organisation. Furthermore, mostly negotiation in workers’ wages and salary can be became major cause for organisation in international market. For example 10, Recently, Subsidiary company of Wal-Mart, ASDA is paying some its Bangladeshi workers just ? 6. 70 for a 48 hour week. The proper living wage in the country would be ? 25. 90 per week. As a result, workers went to strike in Bangladesh their production firm, workers stop making products for ASDA. Due to this it affects international trade and organisations revenue. Source: METRO newspaper, 22 July 10. P 09 * However, collective bargaining agreements may cause disproportionate effect of relatively few active employees on the many in the bargaining unit. This is particularly the case when process involves a system wide structure of election. * It also increase bureaucratization and consume more time for making decisions. When trade union demand is high and varied it also leads to management obelised more control on organisation. And consume time to give respond to agreement. * Moreover, it also creates more difficulties for employers at small companies to have their voices heard. And it also increase management expense relates to negotiation and administration agreements. Furthermore, collective bargaining restricts organisation top management’s ability to deal directly with individual employees within organisation. This will affect the communication channel between managers and workers. It also increase dependence on the small scale businesses for particularly those requiring technological competence, they may be compromise. B. 5 employment policy: * Compensation packages through negotiated through collective bargaining agreements may became cumbersome and time consuming, requiring flexibility during negotiation process. As results, there will be increase burden on the employers to solve or define flexible plans to solve as the basic of negotiations with a trade union representative. * On the other hand, collective bargaining promotes fairness and consistency in organisations employment policies and personnel decisions within and across organisation. However, compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements eliminate ability of management to make unilateral change in workers’ wages, working hours and other terms and condition of the organisation employments policy. According to Randall Schuler, peter j doling, 1994, international dimensions of the HR management, second edition, wad worth publishing Inc. â€Å"compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement can make employee and employer relations worsened rather than improved under such an agreement. For instance, workers within organisation will resist innovation due to time motion study. Hig hly demand compensation packages by trade union, generally unfair and less motivating for the big investors. According to Carlos Diaz – Moreno 2002, university of Minnesota, Spain. â€Å"Negotiation between workers and entrepreneurs is major bargaining game in economics. In majority of cases, agreements are delay as the parties continue negotiations or agreements are never reached. † For example 11, Automobile Manufacture Company called TATA wants to introduce world cheapest car in India. There for they decided to build their production plat where land and taxes are in favour. They built their plant in SINGUR, WEST BENGAL. But increasingly violent protest by local workers and government forced to TATA to move their plant somewhere else. This is the major case of failure in negotiation between workers and employers at international market. As results, organisation has to face huge amount of loss and they have to stop their production plant and local workers lose their employment. * According to Merlo and Wilson, 1995. Literature review, â€Å"Delays in bargaining are the results of the uncertainty about the size of cake, and the identity of compensation packages through collective bargaining. During the process of collective bargaining agreements, trade union and board of director’s utility is not transferable. This factor captures an essential issue for the labour market negotiation. Generally, predict that workers are less patient than investors giving the firms more negotiation authority. * Negotiation process between workers and employers basically considered two factors, workers minimum wag e and working hour’s regulation. Employer must meet the requirement what government minimum wage policy law for the international market. As a result, collective bargaining agreements are major cause to our inability to compete international market because it is not necessary, workers and employers are agree to with their demand every time. In some cases, organisational external factor also make negotiation processes slow down. * In addition, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining workers always depend on their wages and specially, in some cases, when organisation is expanding along with total revenue of the organisation, workers demand will also increase. As results, workers and trade union realise their role and importance within organisation. Therefore, workers demand to increase their compensation packages or they may threaten organisation to gone into strike. This creates dynamic situation in many sector in international market. B. 6 CONCLUSION: To sum up, it is clear from the data, that union and employers played significant role during the process of collective bargaining agreement. It may discourage to investors at international market and encourage to seeking to creates attractive work situation prevent unionization at workplace. Therefore, I agree with this statement, that compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are major cause of our inability to compete in many sectors of the international market. Each negotiator is searching for advantage and one has to down, as a result, inverse relationship between two parties. Compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining process can create high impact situation at international market. Total package proposal is placed on the desk with an agreement of all elements crucial for settlement from trade union and employers in many sector of international market. B. 7 RECOMMANDATION: In my opinion, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement, trade union must aware of the organisations profit and loss account, cash inflow ant out flow, and other balance shits and information provided in the financial reports of particular organisation with whom they negotiating. This can reduce burden from both parties and agreement in international market. Words-1538, excluding part01 and abstract, keywords and recommendation.

Strategic Human Resources Planning for Hilton Hotel Research Paper

Strategic Human Resources Planning for Hilton Hotel - Research Paper Example It helps to identify the problems and issues which impacts on the organization and determine its competitive position in the industry. Strengths The strength of the company lies in its vast international presence. The main presence of the company is felt in Europe and USA. However, its operations are spread across almost all nations including China, India, Japan, Germany etc. One of the main strengths of the hotel is that it is well diversified in terms of the services it offers. Its services range from high-end services to middle and low-end product mix (Hilton Hotels and Resorts, 2011). Moreover, it also possesses the additional strength of having solid integration features, such as having ownership of companies which manufactures products and furniture for the company or even invests in its online travel reservation enterprises (Hilton Hotels and Resorts, 2011). Weaknesses The hotel was greatly impacted by the economic and financial downturn. It remains highly vulnerable to the do wnturn happening in the global economy or other catastrophes which could limit its global operations. The financial downturn was one of the main reasons why Hilton Hotels was caused to move headquarters to the D. C. Area with the aim to cut down costs. This has also resulted in high employee turnovers in the organization (Rosenwald, 2009). The Hilton hotel in the USA can also be vulnerable to the worker’s strikes and cracking down on the undocumented workers in the country. This is because the majority of the holdings of the organization are based in the US. Opportunities The quick technology changes and changing landscape has been enhancing demands for hotels in the world. Consumer demands rise having to push forth for the growth of hotels which appears as a favorable opportunity for the organization to explore. According to the Smith Travel Research (STR), the USA hotels are projected to see an increase in the performance indicators in terms of occupancy and average daily r ates. Occupancy rates were projected to be 58.5% in 2011 while average daily rates are projected to be increased from 4.2% to the US $102.21. The following figure would reflect the occupancy rates and the ADR rate increases since 2004 till 2011 (Travel Media Group, 2011). Figure 1: Occupancy Rates, 2004-2011 (Source: Travel Media Group, 2011) Figure 2: ADR (Source: Travel Media Group, 2011) With the growth of the emerging markets the company could its resources to tap them. This is especially applicable to the business class and the middle prices markets in the hotel industry. Moreover, there has been an increase in attractiveness of features like spas, gaming activities, games for kids and various other features. Apart from that consumers also look for the eco-friendly atmosphere which Hilton hotels could incorporate in order to add to unique features (Travel Media Group, 2011). Threats There is tremendous competition in the hotel industry with the entry of new firms in both the US A and also other nations. This could be a matter of a threat to the company and it would have to strengthen its base to fight against this competition. Also, the changing tastes of consumers can be a challenge before the organization. There would also be diversity among competitors in terms of price strategies, product differentiation strategies, service management etc.

International Banking &finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Banking &finance - Essay Example Robust current account surpluses and renewed non-debt-creating capital flows have reduced east Asia's external vulnerabilities considerably, but they also confront authorities with new policy challenges. (Michael Petis 1994). To meet these challenges, exchange rate policies need to find the right balance between additional reserve accumulation through intervention and further gradual currency appreciations. A case can be made for acquiring some additional international reserves in view of still relatively high ratios of short-term external debt obligations to international reserves. At the same time, the sizable current account surpluses and other indicators of relatively strong external competitiveness, including real effective exchange rate s that are still significantly below pre-crisis levels, suggest that there is still scope for further currency strengthening before possible overvaluation becomes an issue. In this regard, the implications for monetary policy also need to be con sidered. As interest rates have to be kept at relatively low levels to facilitate corporate and financial restructuring, further exchange rate appreciation could provide the tightening in monetary conditions that is required to keep inflationary pressures in check. IMF 2002 According to the study done by the Bank of International Settlements (2006) there are five areas to consider in banking deregulation. The first is the trends in bank credit. Bank credit to the private sector has recently risen in a number of emerging market economies, partly because of stronger demand for loans associated with robust growth and low interest rates, and partly because of greater supply of loans associated with improved bank balance sheets. The second area is the pace of structural change. Banking systems in emerging economies have been transformed by privatisation, consolidation and foreign bank entry. Bank efficiency and performance have improved, apparently in response to a more competitive climate.The third point is the evolution in and management of risks facing banks. Macroeconomic vulnerabilities have declined, reflecting a mix of favourable temporary conditions as well as improved policies (higher foreign reserves, more flexible exchange rates, domestic debt ma rket development and improved fiscal policies). Banks increasingly relied on systematic risk assessment procedures and quantitative risk management techniques, with lending being influenced less by government direction or special bank relationships with borrowers. However, challenges still arose from lack of data on loan histories for estimating default probabilities, and risks related to liquidity and credit risk transfer. On liquidity risk, there is a need to ensure that banks rely on the interbank markets, rather than the central bank for liquidity. Regarding credit risk transfer, notwithstanding significant benefits associated with the growing use of credit risk transfer instruments, their rapid spread might in some cases outpace the capacity of financial institutions to assess and price risks.The fourth area is to prevent systemic banking crises. One indicator of stronger banking systems is that the volatility of output and inflation has fallen in emerging market e

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales Research Paper

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales - Research Paper Example Currently, the scales are available in three versions, they include WAIS-III, which measures adult intelligence, WISC-III, which measures intelligence in children, and WPPSI-R, which is designed for children aged between 4 and 6 ? years (IUPUI, 2010). There have been several revisions to improve the test ability of the scales and to include more population groups since Wechsler published the first scale in 1939. The purpose of WAIS-III is to measure adult intellectual ability. The scale is in its third edition, and is designed for individuals aged between 16 and 89 years (Pearson Assessments, 2011). The scale is administered in the form of visual, performance, and full tests for durations of between 60 and 90 minutes. The scale’s norms include IQ and index scores, which are all designed to test the individual’s intellectual ability in a comprehensive manner. The scale’s internal structure is composed of subtests that include tests on verbal comprehension, percept ual organization, working memory, processing speed and visual memory. The validity and reliability of WAIS-III are supported by correlations with previous editions of the intelligence scales and by clinical studies on adults with hearing impairments, retardation, and other forms of cognitive disabilities. The scale’s validity and reliability are also promoted by the availability of multiple tests administered to people with multiple intellectual abilities. WISC-III Also developed by David Wechsler, the purpose of the third edition children’s intelligence scale, (WISC-III), is to test for verbal and performance abilities among children aged between 7 and 16 years. It includes tests on information, coding, arithmetic, vocabulary, and comprehension (Kamphaus, 2005). Verbal abilities are tested through oral subtests while performance abilities are tested through nonverbal problems. Although all tests are timed, bonus points are awarded for faster work and older children ha ve to earn much higher points to rank with the appropriate age group. The test has several subtests grouped into the general areas of verbal and performance scales. Verbal scales are designed to measure language, memory skills, reasoning and general knowledge while performance scales are meant to measure problem-solving, spatial, and sequencing skills. Administration of the test is done by trained examiners to individual examinees and a complex test material is usually required. In scoring, the test scores are converted to standard scores and computed with a standard deviation of 3 and a mean score of 10. Scores in the subscales of verbal and performance areas are turned into IQ scores, and later summed to obtain the overall score. All scores obtained in the tests are normative with a standard deviation of 15 and a mean score of 100. The scores are then classified to indicate the individual’s class as follows: Beyond 130- gifted, 120-129- very high, 110-119- bright normal and 90-109- average (IUPUI, 2010). Individuals who score 85-89 are considered low average, 70-84 are classed as borderline mental functioning, and scores below 50 indicate cases of mild, moderate, or severe retardation. The multiple tests incorporated within the intelligence